BASES

Such compounds that gives salt and water with acids are known as bases.
They are bitter in taste, turns red litmus into blue and contains replacable hydroxide group.

• Oxides and hydroxides of metals are called bases.
• Which gives OH-ion in aqueous solution known as bases.
• Which is proton acceptor.
• Water soluble bases are called alkali(NaOH, KOH, Ca[OH]).

ALL ALKALIES ARE BASES BUT ALL BASES ARE NOT ALKALIES BECAUSE ALL BASES ARE NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER.

ACIDS

• Sour in taste.
• Turns blue litmus paper into red.

Uses of acids:

• As food:

1. Citric acid: lemon or oranges.
2. lactic acid: sour milk.
3. Tartaric acid: grapes.
4. Acetic acid: vinegar.
5. Carbonic acid: Aerated drinks.
6. Oxalic acids: Tomato, wood sorrel.

• Hydrochloric acid is used in digestion.
• Nitric acid is used in the purification of gold and silver.
• Oxalic acid is used to remove rust spots.
• Boric acid is a constituent of eye wash.
• Formic acid is present in red ants.
• Uric acid is present in the urine of mammals.

SOME EQUIPMENTS USED TO TRANSFORM ENERGY

1. DYNEMO is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2. CANDLE is used to convert chemical energy into light and heat energy.
3. MICROPHONE is used to convert sound energy into electrical energy.
4. LOUDSPEAKER is used to convert electrical energy into sound energy.
5. SOLAR CELL is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy.
6. TUBE LIGHT is used to convert electrical energy into light energy.
7. ELECTRIC BULB is used to convert electrical energy into light and heat energy.
8. BATTERY is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
9. ELECTRIC MOTOR is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
10. SITAR is used to convert mechanical energy into sound energy.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-IV)

1. When cream is separated from milk, its density increases.
2. For artificial respiration mixture of oxygen and helium gas cylinder is used.
3. In cold places, to decrease the freezing point ethylene glycol is used.
4. Hydrogen peroxide is used for oil paintings.
5. Sodium is kept in kerosene oil.
6. The heaviest element is osmium(Os).
7. The lightest element, least dense and most reductant is lithium(Li).
8. Flourine is the most oxidising agent.
9. Silver is the best conductor of electricity.
10. Radon is the heaviest gas.
11. Polonium has the maximum number of isotopes.
12. Sulphuric acid is known as oil of vitriol.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-III)

1. Urea was the first organic compound synthesized in lab.
2. Vinegar contains 10% acetic acid.
3. Acetylene is used for light production.
4. Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding.
5. Barium is responsible for green color in fireworks.
6. Cesium is used in solar cells.
7. Yellow phosphorus is kept in water.
8. Sea weeds contains iodine.
9. During cooking maximum vitamins is lost.
10. For the preparation of silver mirror, glucose is used.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-II)

1. From 1kg of honeybee 3500 calorie energy is produce.
2. N2O is known as laughing gas.
3. Bones contain about 58% calcium phosphate.
4. Phosphine gas is used in voyage as Holmes signal.
5. Chlorine gas is used in voyage as Holmes signal.
6. Red phosphorus is used in match industry.
7. Urea contains 46% nitrogen.
8. In the electroplating of vessel NH4Cl is used.
9. Power alcohol is prepared from mixing pure alcohol in benzene which is used as rocket fuel.
10. Artificial perfumes are prepared from ethyl acetate.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-I)

1. Age of fossils and archeological excavation is determined by radioactive carbon(C14).
2. Diamond has maximum refractive index and due to total internal reflection. It has luster.
3. Chloroform in sunlight forms poisonous gas 'Phosgene'(COCl2).
4. To decrease the basicity of soil gypsum is used.
5. In the preparation of telecom powder theo-phestal mineral is used.
6. Potassium chloride is most suitable for the removal of permanent hardness of water.
7. To avoid melting of ice gelatine is used.
8. When dry ice is heated it is directly converted into gas.
9. Saccharine is prepared from toulene.
10. Cream is a type of milk in which amount of fat is increased while amount of water decreases.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-IV)

1. Green color is due to the presence of Barium in Fireworks.
2. Barium hydroxide is known as Baryta water.
3. Osmium is the heaviest metal and the platinum is the hardest.
4. Zinc oxide is known as flower of zinc. It is also known as chinese white and used as white paint.
5. Silver chloride is used in photochromatic glass.
6. Silver iodide is used in artificial rain.
7. Silver nitrate is used as marker during election. It is kept in coloured bottle to avoid decomposition.
8. Silver spoon is not used in egg food because it forms black silver sulphide.
9. To harden the gold, copper is mixed, pure gold is 24 carat.
10. Iron pyrites is known as fool's gold.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-III)

1. Actinides are radio active elements.
2. Cadmium rod is used in nuclear reactor to slow down the speed of neutron.
3. Sodium peroxide is used in submarine and also to purify closed air in hospital.
4. Onion and garlic odours due to potassium.
5. Oxides of metals are alkaline.
6. Silver and copper are the best conductor of electricity.
7. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals.
8. Mercury and iron produces more resistance in comparison to the other during the flow of electricity.
9. Lithium is the lightest and the most reductant element.
10. In fireworks, Crimson red color is due to the presence of strontium metal.

India's Missile Program

India's Integrated Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was started in 1982-83 by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the chairmanship of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag and Astra also form part of the IGMDP and DRDO is working on the development of specialized missiles.

1. Agni: The Agni missile family is envisaged to be the mainstay of the Indian Missile based strategic nuclear deterrence.

2. Prithvi: India launched the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in 1983 to concurrently develop and produce a wide range of missiles for surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed as a part of IGMDP.

3. Akash: It is a medium range, theatre defence, surface to air missile.

4. Trishul: It is a short range, quick reaction, all weather surface to air missile designed to counter a low level attack. It has a range of 9 km.

5. Nag: It is third generation, all weather, top attack, fire and gorget anti tank guided missile.

6. Astra: Astra is the state of the art beyond visual range, air to air missile designed for a range of over 80 km in head on mode and 20 km in tail chase mode.

Climatic Diversity in the Indian Subcontinent

• Due to the vastness of the country and a variety of relief features there are regional variations in the climatic of India.
• In June, the highest temperature in Rajasthan may go upto 55 degree celsius.
• Mawsynram or Cherrapunji in Meghalaya has an annual rainfall of 2500 cm.
• But, in the Thar Desert the annual rainfall is less than 13 cm.
• Indian Council of Agriculture Research(ICAR) divides Indian soils into 8 groups:

1. Alluvial soil
2. Red soil
3. Black soil
4. Laterite soil
5. Desert soil
6. Saline and Alkaline soil
7. Forest soil
8. Peaty and other organic soil

Different Crop Seasons in India

There are 3 crop seasons in India:

1. Rabi
2. Kharif
3. Zayad

RABI: 

• This season starts after the rain season.
• Sowing begins in september-october and harvesting takes place in february-march.
• Rabi season is cooler and drier than the kharif season.
• Wheat, barley, pulses and some oil seeds are grown in the rabi season.

KHARIF:

• The kharif season begins with the onset of the monsoons in june-july.
• The crop grows in the rainy season and harvesting takes place after the retreat of monsoon in september-october.
• Rice, maize, millets, groundnuts, cotton and jute are grown in the kharif season.

ZAYAD:

• This is the summer season for growing crops which remain till april, may and june.
• Products are mainly vegetables and fruits.

Importance And Scope Of Chemistry

1. 20 carat gold is a mixture of 20 parts by weight of gold and 4 pats by weight of copper. Pure gold       is 24 carat.
2. Iodized salt used as table salt is a mixture of NaCl and a small amount of NaI.
3. Cement is a mixture of number of silicates.
4. The existence of an element in two or more chemically similar but physically different forms is           called allotropy and the different forms are called allotropes e.g., diamond, grphite, wood                   charcoal, lamp black etc., are allotropes of carbon.
5. The existence of a compound in different crystalline forms is called polymorphism and the                 different forms are called polymorphs, e.g., ZnS has two polymorphs called zinc blende and               wurtzite.
6. Substances which absorb moisture from air are called hygroscopic substances e.g., anhydrous             CuSO4, quicklime etc.